Method of providing substructures for structures.



L. WHITE.

METHOD 0F PROVIDING SUBSTRUCTURES FOR STRUCTURES. APPLIS/mon min MAR. 10. lans.

1.217.128. Patented Feb. 20, 1917.

`L. WHITE. METIIOD 0F PROVIDING SUBSTRUCTURESFOR STRUCTURES.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. l0,`I9Ib.

Ietented Feb. 20,1917

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

L. WHITE.

METHOD 0F PRQVIDING SUBSTHUCTURES FOR STRUCTURES.`

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I0. I9IB. 1,217,128. Pmmd Feb. 20,1917.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

I I .i I I vI I I I I I- I 4a I '53" I I I I i l I' l I I I I I I l- I *u "f I e f f zu; gnf

`\i' v// L Mgg rATENT enrich;

.Lazarus wnrrn, or nngwonx, NQ Y.

\ METHOD orrnovxnme suns'mnucmunns non s'rmror'uns.

. i Application tiled March 10, 1916'. Serial No. $3,210, i

.To all whom z't may'concern:

` Be `it .known citizen ofthe United States, residing at New fork, county of New York, and State of sNew York,I have invented certain new und Specification of Letters Patent.

'that "l, Lazarus WHrrn, a

l yPatented Feb. so,v

ent inventionl broadly considered consistsvin sinking a footing, generally a. pile, to thee; desired extent, subjecting the same/#tota test loadv giving a downward pressure fait least equal to, and generallyconsiderablyin I useful `Impi-oven]ents in Methods of Providexcess of, the load which 'such pileor` other -60` ing Substructures for Structures, fully de-I ootin isintended to carry permanently, 'ifi scribed and represented in the following and rW ile suchV pileor other footing is funspecification and the accompanying drawer this predetermined and .'known load, 10 ingl's, forming-'e part of the saine. transferring the final or.y permanent load ito his invention relates to an improved such pile or other` footing. In thebest`em^ 65 method of providing suhstructuresy for' bodiment of the invention, the transferfof #structures-as for example in constructing4 the building load toi the pile or other foot; foundations for buildings being erected, or' ing is so carried out that such building load 15 underpinning foundations of buildings is gradually substituted for the predeter already erected. mined and preap-plied known load: "i" 7u 'In underpinning foundotiongit has been Hence, as all settlement of thev y upcominon practice in the artheretofore to other footing under adoad :equal tothepfc' sink piles either adjacent to orimmediately manent or vgreater:already occurredE with 20 beneath the foundation walls of a buildfirst application of the-known ftestdatlg;

lng, and then after to insert between each pile and 'suitable members which transmit a part of the weight of the buildingto the piles'.

ln suchprior f the great dilliculty has arisen thatY a settlement of 'the piles vunder the load of-curs. Such a settlement can not be predetermined and fis generallydi'erent for 3 0 piles which The object of the present invention is to' provide a method for supplying a structure with a substructure, V.which method will ove-ironie the uncertainties of the previous methods of constructing foundations or of underpinning structures, and thereby will avoid the various difficulties and disadvantages, reso ltingfrom the settlement and particularly the uneven settlement'of the building during the progress of the erection of a.

i structure )or the work of underpinning and 45 after. the .same has been colizipleted: The

method, however, is not limited to underpin- I iingw'in .the restricted sense of that te1n1-as lapplicd tothe reinforcement or carryingV deeper of foundations of buildings already erected. Thenew methodis applicable For providing n substructlnc 'at any tune.

cluding the time ot the erection of a bining'or other structure.

lV ith this general object in View, the' presthel piles .have Vbeen sunk practice of-underpinnin h generally thereafter, if necessary, can

the earth excavated from around little or no further settlement will when theperman'ent load has been 4,sufbst' tuted for the load-first applied.

the Weight ofthe building which p1 e or other' footing is Ito carryffi Furthermore, in the best einbodime the invention this first or temporaryloa" so applied to-the pile or other 1footifn it can. be measured or predetermine ,.and be gradua1t, moved as the permanent load of the building is gradually applied. The invention will. be more described hereinafter in connection. wit the acccnnpanying ,1r drawings-explanatory on9g the specific application ofthe method to; theSL underpinning of a VliuiIding already. erected.

lnthe drawingsi Figure l is a. detailed perspective viowlq illustrating atypical 'i-pier foundation. with the pierspi Figi. 2 illustrates the saine foundation with an incomplete grillage. applied;`

Fig. 3 is a similar View .illustratingthe` the . the present app ication, the process is scribed as it vwould 'be carried outin unile 2o` tion, .since this 1s typlcalof die-foundations usually encountered there the mutter offunshowing7 "It iste be understood that this` improved processli's applicable forproviding a substructure' forany"'kind.o f structure as well as jforproviding''u-nderpinning for strucdvingan 'kind of foundation.

pinninga building having a pier found f ning is a serious problem.

dem kfen-ring to the--drawings, l*`ig. 1. illus trates part of a building which is supprted j onthree .piers 1, resting upon. foundation slabs 2.

y.Aa Wwill be understoml bythose'-'skilled 1in the art, the piers and 'foundation Slabs are buried `in the ground. In preparing -to underpin such-a building, the earth isf'exciv va-tedfrom. around the piers and down to or near thel level .dati-on slabs. Then `suitable girders, suchas, for examof the bottom of the founple, AI--beams 3,'- areplaced at eachside of the ai between them. Thiscan be conveniently .foundation'slabs, one on the outsidev of the .found-tionfandthej other on t The two girders, 3, 'are' held tr suitable 'Waytv clamp the 'Sn s.- 2. smily done by binding the vgirderfs together by "clamps, 4, betweenlthc piers.

.In order to make a good: cinneotion tween the said I-beams. 3, and.; the foundation" slabs 2, they 'may 'be dow'el'ed together as by meanshf dowel vpins. 3'* passing tht-ou h holes in the I-bcams and int-o holes 'n the iuixndation,lalala.

ture .atxt 'iszs ge is indicated, by Fig. 2.

A'Concrete 1S thn' vapplied to lform a solid ffrders',

iiiat t f 'vindicated ao, Fig. 8. Apit is, .t`-he `n dugr between" th'e-piers. and.

,"if. necessary.,carefully sl-iretml, preferably A: horizontally. tbis pit.- beingA arrieffl- "down i faras desied and generally until ground'l lblock j wbr e-fconstitutes a. :solid-gril "Phi, conc' "driven to the required depth, others are then ri slab inelmai1-ig the longitudinal "i3, 'and the transversebeums,5, to the 'doneias jforthisa 'water makesi further progress impossible. e From theleviel of the l'mttnmof this pit sectional metal! pile-tubesv are'd'riven downward.v In the usual practice. the sections of tubing, usually about two feet 1n length, are pressed down b a hydraulic jack ar-y ranlged to rectagal'nst the grillage of the bui ding foundation, as will be 'clear from Fig. 4, where 7 indicates the section of pile tubing, 8 the hydraulic jack, and 9 a snit'I able blocking between the top of the jack and 'the bottom of the grillage. -When a length of tubing-has been completely driven, the material from its interior is suitably removed, another length of the tubing is added and the jack load reapplied to drive the tubing farther.E When one pile has been driven. l It is customary-to driveA one pile at each Corner of a pit ofthe ordinar \Y size. though, of course, thil number of piles and their locations are determined in .accowI ance with engineering requirements.

After the required "number of piles have been driven'in the pit and proporlv cleaned. the piles are filled with concrete. As soon as this has been done, a suitable known test load' isV applied to *each pileit being: iinportant to have the test load in excess of the mianent load which is subsequently to applied to the pile. Inthe best practice of the invention, this testload is about greater than the final load apportioned'to the pile. Most advantageousl thistest load isapplied by means of, a hyziiauli jack' bearing against the head of the pile. and reacting' at its upper end againstthebottomjof the grillage. because v with a jack of suitable size, as indicated at 8, Fig. .4, andA a pump 10 with a pressure gage 11. any desired load may be gradualh7 applied to the pile. and in case the pile settles under such test load. tho load can still be maintained at the desired iwf-determined. amount duringr .such settlement by furtl'or operation of the pump to maintain the pres sure in the gage at the point determined upon.

The pile-is maintained under the test load 4until finallyit will carri-v that load 'with' no settlement for a suitable period-of observation. At the end ot' thin` period. the-proportion- -ate load of the lmildi-n, z \\jhich .thepile is' to vcarry permanently, and which. as before ex"- plained. is leasthan .the test lrnid,` is: now

transferred tothe pilewithout at any time.

releasing the -pll at it has ihren foundvthat if a pile. to a point Vwhere no settlethe seid 'load 'be removed and ment'fwll occur under a giron loah'the pil-e l will-again' settle farther to a v'material ear-v will; s 3

' for the eorreel'ionding pr same.;reapplied. llenee, by repeatedly .re-

. moving' und-rephusing: :i subtuntial loud on .n pile.y o (uinsuleruble settlement of the pile `may be obtained, und so fur uo has been found in prue e. .this 'oetion will continue as often as the loud is removed 'und replaced. This is probably due to the i' .it that the soil under und. adjacent to the pile is com- 'muted under the pressure to which the pile 1s suhjeeted by th...v test loufh und upon u. removul of this load loges its cou'ipuoted condition und disint-egrutes.`

It husbeen found. that u pile-driven into soil will curry, Without ettleu'iont.y loud ilu exiises.: of that attributable to the resistance of the ureu ofthe end of the pile. Sonie inrestieutiou `whieh bus been inode iudioutes that l'iiobubly u bulb of eoull'ireeeed soli forms at the liottoin of the pile. lig. 7' is u diugruuu'x'mtic View intended to illustrate the nuiuner iu'fujhioh euch u bulb is formed, the curved ,lines :it the buse of the `pile indi-` outing@y the extent of the pressures deterniined by' some experiments whieli. huye rels'peetive .liu give the observed. pressures; ure linee. It is :iesui'ned that the compr 'sion of? the `toilti u. distzinee lgieyoud the j'ieri-pl'uiry of the pile ut the lower end assists in carrying the loud ou the pile. lflurthermore. it appears that there is a rebound of the pile when itnloud. is removed und this rebound hue been ound to be greater than could be' :tttiiluited` to the mere expansion of the pile itself. Consequently it seems that probablyr the compressed soil 'utythe foot of the pile has some elasticity which assiste in the relroul'id of the pile. lf this be true it would explain why u pile once. driven under u, given loud to. u point where no furtlior sinking takes pluee can, when released from that loud.q again be 'driven furtlujir upon reloading the pile even to u lesser extent tl'uu'i it wus loaded liefert-i.. It i5: proljiuliilu that the eon'ipre ed bulb of. Soil .breaks up when the pile ul'ilouded so thut, upon the reumilieution of u loi1.d the pile musst ink deeper until it again forms; :1 new bulb o. soil beneath its lower eiiufl.

llenen, ih order to avoid settleu'lent of the tout that suoli loud be upplied to the pile after the test loud hue been ul'iplied, 'und i without :in vwcntermediute noulouded Coudioomfenieutly eurriefhofut by erecting u col. umn` 'between `the heed ot the pile and the.,

bottomof the grillage While the pile is utili .l vil'uuterially lests than that which 'then removed. l i v lVheu the footing il, pile; the cap i1 5mt tra .held under its testwloud, und then wedging this eollunn so :is to trun by to the pile, the requireiillperumi'lent lou-il. The wedging action', of oi'iurse, will. release all or a portion of the toet lofuh so `that no time the pile subjected to any gi loud. thun the tout loud, und, on thiv other hand, ut no time it sub liiid `it iu 'to Curry Itis edvzfintugeous und inv moet ou. portant to Ineke sure thutthe perm loud zq'iplied, to thepile is not loro thi i whieh it intended to earry.

\ pri sion under the reiplirml. loud muy be' defer toit und then-7.

llfQllev.; the coluum inserted between the pile'a'ud the' teruiimid in udruime. Then i'vheu weiilgiiigw,

up the column to take its periiuuierltv `loud the` un'iouut of oonil'ireuiiou muy be m ured by kuowi'iinetl'iodu'und when it i. 'unil to the uuuiunt oicoinpressiou ei'iri'esponding to its perumnent loud, ther ivedgiug kliljiei, tion eiruinated.. f .is it is gfenerully.eustouiiiry.to appl f tout loud by u l'ijr'druulie juek p in. linewith the pile; itis nee y some piovisiori for Iilueing thecoliunn l' tween the pile or other fruiting und the gr luge while the' eeh still in place. Agone simple` wey' of' doing; thie, :i cup 13 provided for the pile7 this cup 13 extei'ul'mg` hit' erulaly beyond, the pile, on wl' el tensions two eouu'ireesiou members 4 of Suitable steel shui'ies muy liuwe theiirtfootings. These men'il'iers are out oftheilengtih required. und are put in plucewith' a phite member 14 over them, this '.lll'ieeeywedgrs ure then driven up until the required loud comen .onto the-column i'r'ien'ihers. The jurk und. its blocking are the top of lthe pile has a eiruluhir .3

l directly ui. v to ymulte 'i lateral ex-.

. hito membera'` beau-ing agonist the bottom o. the...grillug.

'toms of the column i'uei'nhers'andthe cupsl p rojeeti ng downward and. of a diam-eher less thun the 'interior f liiiimeter` of the top oftlife pile.. so ltluit the loud. on the capswisitrsinui'nitted directly to the concrete ofthe instead of onto the tubular easing.

i vWhen. ull of the pilesor. other footii'lgisA und their colilun'n membeiuare in plaie nd wedged up. so usi to receive .their reep@ permanent loads,` ull ofthe column uiei'nbers are iueloeed by u bodyl of eoiurrete 1G l ing from tlie heuds of the 'pilonI or f'ootinge to the under side of the grille this being: done by lillinpg with eend-.retel 'the Sheets-ed pit eontiiiningr .the l'iileu q,l "other footings.

pile

until settling of the footing ceases., and then exchanging the temporary load for a permanent load. the footing being maintained under load during the exchange.

The method of providing a substructure for structures which comprises setting a footing. loading it with a known temporary load. maintaining it under such temporary Vload until settling of the footing ceases. and then exchanging the temporary load for a permanent load, the footing being maintained under load during the exchange.

.3. The method of providing a substruc ture for structures. which comprises setting a footing. loading it with a temporary load. maintaining it under such temporary load until settling of the footing ceases. exchanging the temporary load for a permanent load. and during such exchange maintaining the footing under a load notgreater than said temporary load.

4. The method of providing a substructure for structures. which comprises setting a. footing. loading it with a temporaryy load. maintaining it under such temporary load until settling of the footing ceases, exchanging the temporary load for a permanent load. and during such exchange maintaining the footing under a load not greater than said temporaryY load, and not less than said permanent load. i

5. The method of providing a substructure for structures. which comprises setting a footing. loading it with a temporaryr load, maintaining it under such temporary load until settling of the footing ceases. exchanging the temporary load Vfor a lierinanent load, less than the temporary load. and during such exchange maintaining the footing under a load not greater than said temporary load, and not less than said permanent load.

(l. In a method of underpinning struc,- tures, tlie process which consists in sinking a footing below the structure to he underpinned. teml'iorarilyl submitting the footing to a load not less than that of the permanent load which said footing is to carry. retaining said temporary load until settlement of the footing ceases. and then transferring thc permanent load to said footing. and during der a load not materially less than its permarient load.

7. In a `method of underpinning structures, ,the a foo ing low the structure to be underpinne temporarily submitting the footing to a load not less than that of t e permanent load which said footing is to carry, retaining said temporary load until settlement of the footing ceases, and then transferring the. permanent load to said footing, and during the transferring maintaining the footing under a load not materially less than its permanent load and not materially greater than its temporary load.

8. In a method of underpinning structures, the process which consists in sinking a footing below the strud'fre to be linderpinned, temporarily submitting the footing to a load in excess of the permanent load which said footing is to carry, retaining said temporary lead until settlement of the footing ceases, and then transferring the permanent load to said footing. and during the transferring maintaining the footing undera load not substantially less than its pei manent load.

9. In ay method of underpinning structures. the process which consists in sinking a pile below a portion of the structure to be underpinned. applying a hydraulic action to said pile and the corresponding reaction to the structure. to produce a-pressure on the pile in excess of the. permanent load which said pile is to carry. maintaining said pressure on said pile until settlement of the pile ceases, and then transferring the permanent load to said pile while maintaining said pile under ressure.

10.' n a method of underpinning structures. the process which consists in sinking a pile below a portion of the structure to be underpinned. applying a' known hydraulic actionto said pile. and the corresponding reaction to the structure to produce a pressure on the pile in excess of the permanent load which it is to carry. maintaining said pressure on said pile untilA settlement of the pile ceases, erecting a column between the pile and structure while maintaining said pressure on the pile. and wedging the. column to transfer to it the desired load which it is to carry.

11. In, a method of underpinning structaies. the process which lconsists in sinking a footing below the structure to he under pinned, temporarily submitting the footing .to a load in excess of the permanent `load which said footing is to carry, inserting col-` umn members between the structure and the footingwhile said footing is maintained unu der said temporary load, and wedging said column members to transfer thepermanent load tothe footing, whereby the footing is Eocess which consists in sinking .v'sminrainerl under load at all times, (ligging such temporaryY load, gradually transferringthe vmernlanent load \\'hi'eh said pile is in vnl-ry tosi-.iil pil(x while uorrespondin ly re leasing il 'l'roin its ten'ipornry load2 am when all of the piles of said plurality have reeeiveil their permanent loads, nolosing all the. volunnis with a mass of concrete.

13. The method of setting und loading a pile consisting of placing the' pile, submitting the pile to pressure compact the earthv material at its bottoni sniiieiently so that the pile will carry without further sinking the permanent load which 'it is to nall su port, and maintaining such pressure w ile oading the pile with its permanent lead, so that the compacted earthy material beneath its bottom Will not clisintg rate and permit any substantial sink 1. ome pile under its permanent load.

n testimony whereof, I have hereunto set lay-hand in the presence of two subscribing Witnesses.

, LAZARUS WHrrn.

l Witnesses:

PHILIP N. TILQBM JAMEsF, DonovAN.

great enough to 

